English Refresher

Grammar Foundations

Subjects and verbs must agree.

A singular subject always takes a singular verb, and a plural subject always takes a plural verb — even when tricky phrases, tricky pronouns, or tricky-looking words get in the way. Find the true subject, and the right verb follows.

Find the true subject

Seven ways agreement gets tricky

The basic rule is simple: singular subject, singular verb. These seven cases are where that rule gets complicated — and where most mistakes happen. Open each card to see the pattern and real examples.

Two common rules

Check the subject’s number first, then match the verb to it.

Every other case in this lesson is a variation on — or an exception to — this one rule.

Examples

The cat runs fast.

The cats run fast.

Two common rules

"And" always creates a plural subject, even when both nouns are singular.

"Or" and "nor" make the verb agree with the subject CLOSEST to it, not the first one.

Examples

My friend and colleague are coming.

Neither the teacher nor the students understand the assignment. (agrees with "students")

Either the students or the teacher is responsible. (agrees with "teacher")

Two common rules

Each, everyone, everybody, anyone, somebody, no one, and nobody are ALWAYS singular.

Few, many, several, and both are ALWAYS plural; all, some, none, any, and most depend on the noun they refer to.

Examples

Everyone is invited.

Few are available.

All of the cake is gone. (cake = uncountable)

All of the students are here. (students = countable)

Two common rules

Use a singular verb when the group acts together, as one unit.

Use a plural verb when the members act as separate individuals.

Examples

The team is winning. (one unit)

The team are arguing among themselves. (individuals)

Two common rules

A book, movie, or organization is treated as ONE thing, even if its name looks plural.

This holds true no matter how many plural-looking words are inside the title.

Examples

“Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire” is a popular book.

The United Nations is an international organization.

Two common rules

Ignore the intervening phrase or clause, and find the TRUE subject.

The true subject is almost always the very first noun in the subject group.

Examples

The bouquet of flowers is beautiful. (subject is "bouquet," not "flowers")

The girl who writes stories is talented.

Two common rules

News, mathematics, measles, and economics LOOK plural but take a singular verb.

Scissors, trousers, and glasses LOOK singular but take a plural verb.

Examples

The news is on at 6 PM.

The scissors are on the table.

At a glance
CaseWhat it meansCommon examples
Basic ruleMatch the verb to the subject’s numberThe cat runs. The cats run.
Compound subjects"And" = plural; "or/nor" = agrees with the closer nounare coming; nor the students understand
Indefinite pronounsFixed or context-dependent numberEveryone is; Few are; Some of the cake is
Collective nounsSingular as a unit, plural as individualsThe team is / The team are
Titles and namesAlways singularThe United Nations is…
Separated subjectsIgnore the phrase in betweenThe bouquet of flowers is…
Tricky formsForm and number don’t always matchThe news is…; The scissors are…
Self-check

Agreement in action

Ten quick questions — some multiple choice, some fill-in-the-blank — covering compound subjects, indefinite pronouns, and tricky forms. You get instant scoring and a short explanation for every answer.

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Answer a question to begin.

Find the true subject, and the verb follows

Behind every tricky sentence is one real subject — whether it’s hiding after a describing phrase, disguised in a plural-looking word, or split across an or. Find it, check its number, and the correct verb always follows.