Subjunctive Mood
• Meaning: A verb form used to express wishes, hypothetical situations, demands, or suggestions.
• Example: “If I were the manager, I would implement a new strategy.”

Conditional Sentences
• Meaning: Sentences that express a condition and its possible outcome. They can be real or hypothetical.
• Example: “If you study hard, you will pass the exam.” (First Conditional: Real possibility)
• Example: “If I had known about the meeting, I would have attended.” (Third Conditional: Hypothetical past)

Passive Voice
• Meaning: A sentence structure where the object of an action becomes the subject, often used to emphasize the action itself or when the doer is unknown or irrelevant.
• Example: “The report was completed by the team.”
• Example: “A new policy was introduced.”

Relative Clauses
• Meaning: Clauses that provide additional information about a noun, often introduced by relative pronouns like “who,” “which,” “that,” etc.
• Example: “The book that I borrowed from the library was fascinating.”
• Example: “She’s the scientist who discovered the new element.”

Nominalization
• Meaning: The process of turning verbs or adjectives into nouns, often used to make writing more formal or abstract.
• Example: “The discovery of the vaccine was a breakthrough.” (Instead of “They discovered the vaccine.”)
• Example: “Her refusal to cooperate was unexpected.” (Instead of “She refused to cooperate.”)

Inversion
• Meaning: A sentence structure where the usual word order is reversed, often used for emphasis or in formal writing.
• Example: “Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.”
• Example: “Rarely does she make mistakes.”

Reported Speech
• Meaning: A way to express what someone else has said without quoting their exact words, often requiring changes in tense, pronouns, and time expressions.
• Example: Direct: “I am going to the store,” she said.
• Example: Reported: She said that she was going to the store.

Cleft Sentences
• Meaning: Sentences that are split into two clauses to emphasize a particular part, often introduced by “It is/was” or “What.”
• Example: “It was John who broke the vase.” (Emphasizing John)
• Example: “What I need is a vacation.” (Emphasizing the need for a vacation)

Parallelism
• Meaning: The use of similar grammatical structures in a series to create rhythm and enhance readability.
• Example: “She enjoys reading, writing, and jogging.”
• Example: “The proposal was clear, concise, and compelling.”

Ellipsis
• Meaning: The omission of words from a sentence when the meaning can be understood without them, often used to avoid repetition.
• Example: “She ordered the steak, and he, the fish.” (Omitting “ordered”)
• Example: “You can stay if you want to.” (Omitting “stay”)

Sentence Variety Techniques

Compound Sentences
• Meaning: Sentences that consist of two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or).
• Example: “I wanted to go to the party, but I had to finish my assignment.”

Complex Sentences
• Meaning: Sentences that contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause, providing more detail or context.
• Example: “Although it was raining, we decided to go for a hike.”

Compound-Complex Sentences
• Meaning: Sentences that have at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses, combining elements of both compound and complex sentences.
• Example: “I finished my project, and I submitted it on time, even though I had to work late.”

Periodic Sentences
• Meaning: Sentences in which the main clause or predicate is placed at the end, creating suspense or emphasis.
• Example: “Despite the heavy rain and the strong winds, the team continued to play.”

Loose Sentences
• Meaning: Sentences where the main idea is presented at the beginning, followed by additional details.
• Example: “The team continued to play, despite the heavy rain and the strong winds.”

Balanced Sentences
• Meaning: Sentences where two or more clauses are given equal importance, often using parallel structures.
• Example: “He smiled at the customer, and she smiled back at him.”

Anaphora
• Meaning: The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, used to create emphasis.
• Example: “Every day, every night, in every way, I’m getting better and better.”

Chiasmus
• Meaning: A rhetorical device where two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures, creating a mirror effect.
• Example: “Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.”

Asyndeton
• Meaning: The omission of conjunctions between parts of a sentence, used to create a fast-paced and concise effect.
• Example: “I came, I saw, I conquered.”

Polysyndeton
• Meaning: The use of multiple conjunctions in close succession, often to add emphasis or create a sense of overwhelming detail.
• Example: “We have ships and men and money and stores.”